Different types of semaphores
Letters

Making Software For a Heterogeneous World

The physical world is full of unique details that differ from place to place, person to person, and item to item. In contrast, the world of software is built on abstractions that make for relatively uniform coding environments and user...
Andrew Ng during a conference
Letters

How To Unlock AI Value

On Monday, Landing AI (where I’m CEO) announced the close of a $57 million Series A funding round. The investment enables the company to continue building its data-centric MLOps platform for computer vision, with a focus on manufacturing visual inspection.
Andrew Ng playing piano
Letters

Background Music: Pleasure or Pitfall?

Years ago, whenever I had to do something boring or unpleasant — such as drive to work or go for a run — I used to listen to music to provide a distraction. Although I still appreciate music, as I got older I decided to cut out distractions.
Illustration of Andrew Ng dressed as a panda holding a bag full of candy
Letters

When the AI and Spirit Worlds Collide

On Halloween, the veil lifts between the spirit and AI worlds, allowing the two to pass through one another. The resulting paranormal — or, as AI practitioners call it, paragaussian — phenomena raise questions like these...
Wiiners of the Data-centric AI Competition
Letters

Congrats to the Data-Centric Competition Winners!

In June, I announced the first Data-centric AI Competition. The deadline for submissions was in early September, and today I’m thrilled to announce the winners!A total of 489 individuals and teams submitted 2,458 unique datasets.
Left: flawless gear | Right: gear with a defect
Letters

Imaging Systems for Data-Centric AI Development

The image below shows two photos of the same gear taken under different conditions. From the point of view of a computer-vision algorithm — as well as the human eye — the imaging setup that produced the picture on the right makes...
Cartoon with a joke about choices
Letters

How to Build AI Products and Businesses: Two Strategies

Building AI products and businesses requires making tough choices about what to build and how to go about it. I’ve heard of two styles: Ready, Aim, Fire and Ready, Fire, Aim
Board with math equations
Letters

How to Learn Math for Machine Learning

How much math do you need to know to be a machine learning engineer? It’s always nice to know more math! But there’s so much to learn that, realistically, it’s necessary to prioritize.
Hand-drawn letter with a heart and signed by Andrew
Letters

Are You OK? Taking Care of Emotional and Mental Health

Since the pandemic started, several friends and teammates have shared with me privately that they were not doing well emotionally. I’m grateful to each person who trusted me enough to tell me this. How about you — are you doing okay?
Cartoon about data
Letters

Developing AI Products Part 5: Data Drift, Concept Drift, and Other Maintenance Issues

In earlier letters, I discussed some differences between developing traditional software and AI products, including the challenges of unclear technical feasibility, complex product specification, and need for data to start development.
Series of spreadsheets with different data
Letters

Developing AI Products Part 4: Getting Data To Start Development

In a recent letter, I mentioned some challenges to building AI products. These problems are distinct from the issues that arise in building traditional software. They include unclear technical feasibility and complex product specification.
Andrew Ng sitting in the Blue Origin passenger capsule
Letters

The New Space Race

I’ve been following with excitement the recent progress in space launches. Earlier this week, Richard Branson and his Virgin Galactic team flew a rocket plane 53 miles up, earning him astronaut wings.
Cartoon about traditional software and AI
Letters

Developing AI Products Part 3: Coping With Product Specification

In a recent letter, I noted that one difference between building traditional software and AI products is the problem of complex product specification.
Magnifying glass over the words Unclear, Technical and Feasibility
Letters

Developing AI Products Part 2: How To Assess Technical Feasibility

Last week, I mentioned that one difference between traditional software and AI products is the problem of unclear technical feasibility. In short, it can be hard to tell whether it’s practical to build a particular AI system.
Slide with information about challenges to building AI products and businesses
Letters

Developing AI Products Part 1: How AI Product Development is Different From Traditional Software

With the rise of software engineering over several decades, many principles of how to build traditional software products and businesses are clear. But the principles of how to build AI products and businesses are still developing.

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