Letters from Andrew Ng

Personal messages to the AI community

Close-up of Andrew Ng speaking at World Economic Forum, backdrop reads "World Economic Forum" in white text.
Business Insights

From AI Experiments to AI Products: Experiemental projects can reveal AI powered-opportunities, but building AI-powered products often requires redesigning workflows.

How can businesses go beyond using AI for incremental efficiency gains to create transformative impact?
A robot examines a graph showing a rising trend in "amazingness" from 2015 to 2025
Business Insights

Large Language Models Are General — But Not _That_ General: Current progress in AI is piecemeal and laborious. Unforeseen breakthroughs may drive future progress, but the trend of improvement is incremental.

As amazing as LLMs are, improving their knowledge today involves a more piecemeal process than is widely appreciated.
Robots extract colorful data streams from silo towers, highlighting data silos being broken.
Business Insights

Tear Down Data Silos!: Many software-as-a-service vendors aim to hold their customers' data in silos. Their customers would do well to open the silos so AI agents can use the data.

AI agents are getting better at looking at different types of data in businesses to spot patterns and create value. This is making data silos increasingly painful.
Illustrations of futuristic aircraft design concepts, featuring vertical takeoff and retractable wings for space orbit.
Business Insights

How to Get Through the Product Management Bottleneck: As AI-assisted coding accelerates building software products, deciding what to build is a new bottleneck. Speedy decisions and empathy for users can get past it.

The invention of modern writing instruments like the typewriter made writing easier, but they also led to the rise of writer’s block, where deciding what to write became the bottleneck.
Colorful LEGO bricks labeled for AI concepts: prompting, agentic, guardrails, evals, RAG, fine-tuning, computer use, async programming.
Business Insights

Meet The New Breed of GenAI Application Engineers: A new breed of software engineers is building more powerful applications faster than ever, thanks to generative AI. Here’s how to identify them in job interviews.

There’s a new breed of GenAI Application Engineers who can build more-powerful applications faster than was possible before, thanks to generative AI.
Robots building a wooden house frame under sunny sky. Teamwork, technology, and construction. Future automation in construction.
Business Insights

How AI Fund Is Building AI Builders: AI-enabled coding empowers anyone build software that boosts productivity and makes life easier. Here’s now non-engineers at AI Fund are building apps for fun and profit.

Everyone can benefit by learning to code with AI! At AI Fund, the venture studio I lead, everyone — not just the engineers — can vibe code or use more sophisticated AI-assisted coding techniques.
Cartoon: Woman at desk; man in sandbox with shovel saying, "I'm experimenting!" in office setting.
Business Insights

How Large Companies Can Move Fast in AI: Enterprises can accelerate AI development in a sandbox environment that eliminates roadblocks while minimizing risks.

In the age of AI, large corporations — not just startups — can move fast. I often speak with large companies’ C-suite and Boards about AI strategy and implementation, and would like to share some ideas that are applicable to big companies.
Black stopwatch icon showing elapsed time, commonly used to represent speed, countdowns, or time tracking.
Business Insights

The Value of AI’s Speed Is Underrated: The value of AI-driven productivity is well recognized, but AI-driven speed can create growth, too.

AI’s ability to make tasks not just cheaper, but also faster, is underrated in its importance in creating business value.
Blue performance gauge with needle pointing to maximum, indicating high level or peak performance.
Business Insights

Hot Tips for Speedy Startups: Speed is the most important factor in successful startups. Here are four ways to accelerate your company.

I’m delighted to announce that AI Fund has closed $190M for our new fund, in an oversubscribed round.
Comic-style illustration of a confident woman and man standing beside bold ‘10X’ text on a bright background.
Business Insights

How AI can make you a 10x professional: Every profession can become more efficient and strategic by applying more intelligence.

A “10x engineer” — a widely accepted concept in tech — purportedly has 10 times the impact of the average engineer.
Three Takeaways from DeepSeek’s Big Week: Innvations by China’s AI powerhouse DeepSeek highlight major shifts in the international scene
Business Insights

Three Takeaways from DeepSeek’s Big Week: Innvations by China’s AI powerhouse DeepSeek highlight major shifts in the international scene

The buzz over DeepSeek this week crystallized, for many people, a few important trends that have been happening in plain sight.
Two colleagues discuss their chatbot’s success; one suggests hiring an AI Product Manager.
Business Insights

AI Product Managers Will Be In-Demand: As the cost of building AI products falls, demand for people who know what to build will rise. Get ready for an explosion in AI Product Management!

Writing software, especially prototypes, is becoming cheaper. This will lead to increased demand for people who can decide what to build. AI Product Management has a bright future!
Graph showing cross-validation accuracy vs. number of features for raw and whitened inputs.
Business Insights

Focus on the Future, Learn From the Past: 15 years ago, the idea of scaling up deep learning was controversial — but it was right. Keep your eyes open for such ideas in 2025.

I’m thrilled that former students and postdocs of mine won both of this year’s NeurIPS Test of Time Paper Awards.
Cartoon showing people stuck in wet concrete, with a person saying ‘You asked for a concrete idea!’
Business Insights

Best Practices for AI Product Management: Generative AI is making it possible to build new kinds of applications in new ways. Here are emerging best practices for AI product managers.

AI Product Management is evolving rapidly. The growth of generative AI and AI-based developer tools has created numerous opportunities to build AI applications.
AI ecosystem layers: applications, orchestration, foundational models, cloud, and semiconductors.
Business Insights

The Falling Cost of Building AI Applications: Big AI’s huge investments in foundation models enables developers to build AI applications at very low cost.

There’s a lingering misconception that building with generative AI is expensive.
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